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When light passes from a medium with refractive index $n_1$ to another with $n_2$, the path bends according to Snell’s Law: $$n_1 \sin \theta_1 = n_2 \sin \theta_2$$ Where $\theta$ represents the angle relative to the surface normal.
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Optics is visual. Use the theoretical formulas from Malacara and plug them into free software like GeoGebra (for ray tracing) or Jupyter Notebook (for diffraction integrals). The PDF is a reference; the simulation is the teacher. When light passes from a medium with refractive