In many species, especially "prey" animals like rabbits or cats, clinical signs of pain are often masked.
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Soon, a vet may swab a puppy’s cheek to predict its risk for anxiety, allowing for preventative socialization protocols during the critical developmental period (3 to 16 weeks for dogs). This is precision medicine applied to behavior. In many species, especially "prey" animals like rabbits
Here's a step-by-step approach to understanding this topic: In many species